Pharmaceutical Job related All Examples
Chatper: Pharmaceutical Production
Examples of Wet granulators:
1. Shear granulator
2. High speed granulator
3. Fluidized bed granulator
4. Spray drier
5. Spheronizer
Examples of Dry granulators:
1. Slugger
2. Roller compactor
Critical Quality Attributes of Fluid Bed Granulation Process:
⇨ Moisture Content
⇨ Particle size
Critical process parameters of Fluid Bed Granulation Process:
⇨ Inlet air flow
⇨ Inlet air temperature
⇨ Spray rate
⇨ Atomising pressure
Problems of Tableting:
☞ Binding
☞ Capping
☞ Chipping
☞ Cracking
☞ Double impression
☞ Hardness variation
☞ Lamination
☞ Mottling
☞Picking
☞ Sticking
☞ Weight variation
Examples of Film coating Problems:
☞ Blistering
☞ Blooming
☞ Blushing
☞ Bridging
☞ Chipping
☞ Cracking
☞ Cratering
☞ Flaking
☞ Infilling
☞ Orange peel
☞ Peeling
☞ Picking
☞ Pimpling
☞ Pitting
☞ Pulling out
☞ Spitting
☞ Wrinkling
Examples of Moisture Sensitive Materials
Examples of Heat Sensitive Materials
Examples of Highly Cohesive materials
Chapter: Pharmaceutical Excipients
Examples of Antiadherents:
☞ Talc
☞ Magnesium stearate
☞ Corn starch
☞ Silicon oil
☞ Coloidal Silicon dioxide
☞ Sodium lauryl sulfate
Examples of Antioxidants:
☞ Ascorbic acid
☞ Ascorbyl palmitate
☞ Butylated hydroxy anisole
☞ Butylated hydroxy toluene
☞ Butyl paraben
☞ Hydroquinone
☞ Propyl gallate
Examples of Antioxidants For aqueous systems:
⇨ Sodium sulfite
⇨ Sodium bisulfite
⇨ Sodium metabisulfite
⇨ Sodium thiosulfite
⇨ Sodium formaldehyde
* Examples of Antioxidants for oil system:
⇨ Ascorbyl palmitate
⇨ Hydroquinone
⇨ Propyl gallate
⇨ Norhydroguaiaretic acid
Examples of Binders
⇨ Copovidone
⇨ Gelatin
⇨ Methyl Cellulose
⇨ Hydroxyethyl Cellulose
⇨ Hydroxypropyl Cellulose
⇨ Hydroxyethylpropyl cellulose
Examples of Buffering agents:
⇨ Calcium carbonate
⇨ Acetate
⇨ Citrate
⇨ Histidine
⇨ Phosphate
⇨ Succinate
⇨ Tris
Examples of Chelating agents:
☞ Dihydroxy ethyl glycine
☞ Citric acid
☞ Tartaric acid
Examples of Coating agents:
☞ Methyl cellulose
☞ Hydroxy methyl ethyl cellulose
☞ Hydroxy propyl cellulose
☞ Hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose
☞ Polyvinyl phthalate
☞ Polyethylene glycol
☞ Acetyltributyl citrate
☞ Cellulose acetate phthalate
☞ Polyvinyl acetate phthalate
☞ Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose acetate phthalate
☞ Shellac
☞ Zein
Non-enteric film coating agents
☞ Methyl cellulose
☞ Hydroxy methyl ethyl cellulose
☞ Hydroxy propyl cellulose
☞ Hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose
☞ Polyvinyl phthalate
☞ Poly ethylene glycol
Enteric Coating agents
☞ Acetyltributyl citrate
☞ Cellulose acetate phthalate
☞ Polyvinyl acetate phthalate
☞ Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose acetate phthalate
☞ Shellac
☞ Zein
Examples of Diluents for Tablets/Capsules:
☞ Ammonium alginate
☞ Calcium phosphate dibasic
☞ Calcium phosphate tribasic
☞ Calcium sulfate
☞ Dextrose
☞ Lactose
☞ Maltose
☞ Mannitol
☞ Microcrystalline cellulose
☞ Sunflower oil
Examples of Diluents for dry powder inhaler:
☞ Lactose
☞ Mannitol
Examples of Diluents for Liquids:
☞ Maltitol
☞ Sunflower oil
Examples of Disintegrants:
☞ Calcium Alginate
☞ Crosspovidone
☞ Crosscarmellose
☞ Primogel
Examples of Superdisintegrant (Swell up to 10 fold within 30 seconds):
☞ Crosspovidone
☞ Crosscarmellose
☞ Primogel
Examples of Dissolution Enhancers:
☞ Fructose
☞ Povidone
☞ Surfactants
Examples of Dissolution retardants:
☞ Waxy materials
☞ Stearic acid
☞ Sodium Stearate
Examples of Emulsifying agents:
☞ Calcium alginate
☞ Lecithin
Examples of Film forming agents:
⇨ Ammonium alginate
⇨ Chitosan
⇨ Copovidone
⇨ Ethyl cellulose
⇨ Hydroxyethyl cellulose
⇨ Hydroxypropyl cellulose
⇨ Gelatin
Examples of Glidants (Improve flow properties):
⇨ Calcium silicate
⇨ Powdered cellulose
⇨ Magnesium silicate
⇨ Colloidal silicon dioxide
⇨ Talc
Examples of Humectants:
⇨ Ammonium alginate
⇨ Propylene glycol
Examples of Lubricants:
⇨ Calcium stearate
⇨ Magnesium stearate
⇨ Zinc Stearate
Examples of Plasticizers (for soft, flexibility, easily bent, mold):
☞ Acetyltributyl citrate
☞Benzyl benzoate
☞ Propylene glycol
☞ Polyethylene glycol
Examples of Natural Polymers:
⇨ Gelatin
⇨ Methyl Cellulose
⇨ Ethyl Cellulose
⇨ Hydroxyethyl Cellulose
⇨ Hydroxyethyl-methyl cellulose
⇨ Hydroxypropyl Cellulose
⇨ Hydroxyethylpropyl cellulose
Examples of Synthetic Polymers:
☞ Polyacrylic acid
☞ Poly vinyl acetate phthalate
☞ Poly vinyl alcohol
☞ Polyvinyl Pyrrolidone
Examples of Preservatives:
☞ Alcohol
☞ Benzalkonium chloride
☞ Benzoic acid
☞ Boric acid
☞ Butyl paraben
☞ Cresol
☞ Methyl paraben
☞ Propyl paraben
☞ Sodium benzoate
☞ Sodium bisulfite
☞ Sodium metabisulfite
For Otic: Benzalkonium chloride
For vaginal: Benzoic acid, Benzyl alcohol
For Rectal: Benzoic acid, Butylparaben
For intradermal: Cresol
For Dermal: Sodium benzoate
Examples of Antimicrobial Preservatives:
☞ Alcohol
☞ Benzalkonium chloride
☞ Benzoic acid
☞ Boric acid
Examples of Preservatives for Parenteral products:
☞ Benzyl alcohol
☞ Chlorobutanol
☞ Methyl paraben
☞ Propyl paraben
☞ Phenol
☞ Sodium bisulphite
☞ Sodium metabisulphite
Examples of Preservatives for Opthalmic products:
☞ Benzalkonium chloride
☞ Methyl paraben
☞ Propyl paraben
☞ Thiomersal
Examples of Preservatives for Oral products:
☞ Methyl paraben
☞ Propyl paraben
☞ Sodium benzoate
Examples of Preservatives for Creams:
☞ Benzoic acid
☞ Benzyl alcohol
☞ Chlorocresol
☞ Methyl paraben
☞ Propyl paraben
☞ Sorbic acid
Examples of Sequestering agents:
⇨ Citric acid
⇨ Potassium citrate
⇨ Phosphoric acid
⇨ Sodium phosphate
Examples of Solubilizing agents:
☞ Benzalkonium chloride
☞ Benzethonether
hloride
☞ Benzyl alcohol
☞ Benzyl benzoate
Examples of Stabilizing agents:
☞ Bentonite
☞ Calcium alginate
☞ Carboxymethylcellulose calcium
☞ Carboxymethylcellulose sodium
☞ Sodium alginate
Examples of Emulsion stabilizers:
☞ Colloidal silicon dioxide
☞ Polyethylene glycol
☞ Polymethylvinyl ether
Examples of Surfactants:
⇨ Sodium lauryl sulfate
Examples of Suspending agents:
☞ Acacia
☞ Agar
☞ Alginic acid
☞ Calcium stearate
☞ Gelatin
Examples of Sustained release agents:
⇨ Acetyltributyl citrate
⇨ Agar
⇨ Alginic acid
⇨ Castor oil
Examples of Sweetening Agents:
☞ Aspartame
☞ Dextrose
☞ Glycerin
☞ Maltose
☞ Mannitol
☞ Sorbitol
Examples of Thickening agents:
☞ Agar
☞ Ammonium alginate
☞ Calcium alginate
☞ Hydroxyethyl cellulose
☞ Hydroxypropyl cellulose
Examples of Viscosity increasing agents:
☞ Bentonite
☞ Sodium alginate
☞ Methyl cellulose
☞ Carboxy Methyl Cellulose
Examples of Wetting agents:
☞ Benzalkonium chloride
☞ Benzethonium chloride
☞ Sodium Lauryl Sulfate (SLS)
Chapter: Pharmaceutical Instruments
* Materials used in Stationary phase of Ion exchange Chromatography
Several matrix Materials such as:
⇨ Cellulose
⇨ Silica
⇨ Coated silica
⇨ Poly acryl amide
⇨ Acrylate co-polymer
Solvents used in Mobile phase of Ion exchange Chromatography
⇨ EDTA
⇨ Polyols
⇨ Glycerol
⇨ Glucose
⇨ Saccharose
Materials used in Stationary phase of Gas Chromatigraphy
⇨ Cyanopropylphenyl dimethyl polysiloxane
⇨ Biscyanopropyl cyanopropylphenyl polysiloxane
⇨ Diphenyl dimethyl polysiloxane
⇨ Carbowax polyethyleneglycol
Solvents used in Mobile phase of Gas Chromatography
Inert gases such as
⇨ Helium gas
⇨ Argon gas
⇨ Nitrogen gas
⇨ Hydrogen gas
Detectors used in Gas Chromatography
⇨
Solvents used in Stationary phase of RP-HPLC (Hydrophobic/Non-Polar)
Hydrophobic materials such as
⇨ Octadecyl Carbon Chain silica (C-18)
⇨Cyano-bonded Silica
⇨
Solvents used in Mobile phase of RP-HPLC (Hydrophilic/Polar in nature)
⇨Methanol
⇨ Water
Materials used in Stationary phase of NP-HPLC (Hydrophilic/ Polar in nature)
⇨ Silica gel
pPMSolvents used in Mobile phase of Normal Phase HPLC (Hydrophobic /Non-polar)
⇨Hexane
⇨ Carbon tetracloride
Materials used in Stationary phase of Size Exclusion Chromatography
Various types of gels such as
⇨ Polyacrylamide
⇨ Dextran
⇨ Agarose
⇨ Modified Polystyrene
Chapter: Quality Assurance
Critical parametes in Process validation on process design stage
Examples of Critical Deviation
⇨ Manufacturing instructions are not followed
⇨ Wrong batch details are printed
⇨ SOPs are not followed
Chapter: Microbiology
Gases used in Gas sterilization
⇨ Formldehyde
⇨ Sulfur dioxide
⇨ Ethylene oxide
⇨ Beta propiolactone
⇨ Hydrogen peroxide
⇨ Ozone
⇨ Chlorine dioxide
⇨ Peracetic acid
Gram positive Bacteria
⇨ Bacilus anthracis
⇨ Clostridium tetani
⇨ Staphylococcus
⇨ 1Streptococcus
Gram-negative Bacteria
⇨ Escherichia coli
⇨ Helicobacter
⇨ Hemophilus
⇨ Neisseria
Chapter: Research & Development
Stability indicating quality parameters (Finished product test)
A) In case of Tablets
⇨ Appearance
⇨ Hardness
⇨ Friability
⇨ Moisture Content
⇨ Dissolution time
⇨ Degradants
⇨ Assay
⇨ Microbial Purity
Factors considering during Stability study
Temperature
Humidity
pH
Air
Light
Radiation
Particle size
Nature of Container
Contamination
Hydrolysis
Oxidation
Photostability
Critical Process Parameters in drug development
⇨ pH
⇨ Dissolved Oxygen
⇨ Oxidation-reduction potential
⇨ Disintegration time
⇨ Dissolution time
⇨ Impurities
⇨ Water content
⇨ Dose accuracy
Pharmacology
Appha adrenergic blocking drugs
Phentolamine
Beta adrenergic blocking drugs
Acebutolol HCl
Atenolol
Metoprolol
Both Alpha & Beta adrenergic blocking drugs
Carvedilol
Labetalol
Antiadrenergic drugs
Clonidine HCl
Classification of Barbiturates
1) Ultra Short acting barbiturates: Thiamylal, Thiopental
2) Short acting barbiturates: Pentobarbilat, Secobarbital
3) Intermediate acting barbiturates: Amobarbital, Aprobarbital, Butabarbital
4) Long-acting barbiturates: Mephobarbital, Phenobarbital
Examples of Benzodiazepines
Estazolam
Flurazepam
Quazepam
Central Nervous System
1. CNS Stimulants
2. CNS depressants
Classification of CNS stimulant drugs
1. Directly acting on CNS
2. Reflexly acting on CNS
⇨ Ammonia
⇨ Lobeline
⇨ Nocotine
Classification of directing acting on CNS drugs
1. Cortical stimulants
⇨ Aminophylline
⇨ Atropine
⇨ Cocaine
⇨ Ephedrine
⇨ Theophylline
2. Medullary Stimulants
⇨ Amiphenadine
⇨ Adrenaline
⇨ Bemegride
⇨ Leptazole
⇨ Picrotoxin
3. Spinal Stimulants
⇨ Brucine
⇨ Strychnine
⇨ Thebaine
Classification of CNS depressants
1. Sedatives
⇨ Diazepam
⇨ Oxazepam
2. Hypnotics
⇨ Clobazepam
⇨ Clorazepam
⇨ Nitazepam
3. Narcotics
⇨ Codeine
⇨ Morphine
⇨ Thebaine
4. General anesthetics
⇨ Chloroform
⇨ Ethylene
⇨ Halothane
⇨ Nitrogen di oxide
Antidepressants
1) Tricyclic antidepressants
⇨ Amoxapine
⇨ Doxepine
⇨ Clomipramine
⇨ Desipramine
⇨ Imipramine
⇨ Trimipramine
⇨ Maprotiline
⇨ Amitryptyline
⇨ Nortriptyline
⇨ Protriptyline
2) Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)
⇨ Isocarboxazid
⇨ Phenelzine
⇨ Selegiline
⇨ Tranylcypromine
3) Selective serotonine reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
⇨ Citalopram
⇨ Escitalopram
⇨ Fluoxetine
⇨ Fluvoxamine
⇨ Paroxetine
⇨ Sertraline
4) Serotonin Reuptake inhibitors
⇨ Desvenlafaxine
⇨ Duloxetine
⇨ Levomilnacipran
⇨ Venlafaxine
4) Atypical Antidepressants
⇨ Bupropion
⇨ Mirtazapine
⇨ Nefazodone
Anesthetic drugs
Anesthesia
Anesthesia is a loss of feeling or sensation.
Classification of Anesthetic drugs
1. Local anesthetic
2. General Anesthetics
1)Local anesthetic drugs
⇨ Articaine HCl
⇨ Bupivacaine HCl
⇨ Chloroprocaine
⇨ Prilocaine HCl
General Anesthetics
⇨ Ancuronium bromide
⇨ Atracurium besylate
⇨ Doxacurium chloride
⇨ Succinylcholine chloride
⇨ Chloroform
⇨ Ethylene
⇨ Halothane
⇨ Nitrogen di oxide
Neuromuscular Blocking Agents
⇨ These drugs block cholinergic transmission between motor nerve ending and the nicotinic receptors on the skeletal muscle.
⇨ Neuromuscular blocking agents bind to acetylcholine receptors postsynaptically and inhibit the action of acetylcholine.
⇨ This blocks causes paralysis of the muscle.
⇨ Neuromuscular blocking agents are used as an adjacent to anesthesia in order to prevent movement of muscle during surgery.
⇨ These drugs provide complete muscle relaxation at lower doses, allowing for more rapid recovery from anaesthesia and reducing postoperative respiratory depression.
Classification of Neuromuscular blocking agents
1. Nondepolarizing blockers
2. Depolarizing agents
Nondepolarizing blockers:
⇨ Cisatracurium
⇨ Pancurium
⇨ Rocuronium
⇨ Vecuronium
Depolarizing agents
⇨ Succinylcholine
Antihistamines
A) H1 receptor blockers
⇨ Dipheniramine HCl
⇨ Dimen hydrinate
⇨ Promethazine HCl
⇨ Chlorpheniramine
⇨ Chlorcyclizine
⇨ Tetrahydroxy Carboline
⇨ Pheniramine Maleate
⇨ Mepyramine
2) Anti-emetic & anti-motion sickness
⇨ Dimenhydrinate
⇨ Diphenhydramine
⇨ Hydroxyzine
⇨ Promethazine
3) Anti-Parkinsonism
⇨ Orphenadrine
⇨ Phenindamine
B) H2 receptor blockers
⇨ Buriamide
⇨ Cimetidine
⇨ Famotidine
⇨ Lafutidine
⇨ Nizatidine
⇨ Ranitidine
Bronchodilators
1) Sympathomimetics
⇨ Albuterol
⇨ Isoproterenol
⇨ Levalbuterol
2) Xanthine derivatives
⇨ Aminophylline
⇨ Theophylline
Anticoagulant (Prevent coagulation of blood)
⇨ Clopidogrel
⇨ Prasugrel
⇨ Warfarin
Thrombolytic drugs (Dissolve blood clot)
1) Tissue plasminogen activator
⇨ Alteplase
⇨ Reteplase
⇨ Tenecteplase
2) Anistreplase
⇨ Eminase
3) Streptokinase
⇨ Kabikinase
⇨ Streptase
4) Urokinase
⇨ Abbokinase
Anti-Viral Drugs
1) Treatment of respiratory virus infections
⇨ Amantadine
⇨ Ribavirin
⇨ Rimantadine
2) Treatment of Herpes and cytomegalovirus infection
⇨ Acyclovir
⇨ Famciclovir
⇨ Ganciclovir
⇨ Trifluridine
⇨ Vidarabine
3) Treatment of HIV infection
⇨ Didanosine
⇨ Stavudine
⇨ Zalcitabine
Antifungal drugs
⇨ Amphotericin B
⇨ Flucytosine
⇨ Fluconazole
⇨ Itraconazole
⇨ Posaconazole
⇨ Voriconazole
⇨ Echinocandins
2) Drugs for Cutaneous Mycotic Infections
⇨ Terbinafine
⇨ Griseofulvin
⇨ Nystatin
⇨ Imidazole
⇨ Ciclopirox
Drugs for Megaloblastic Anaemia
⇨ Vitamin B12
⇨ Folic Acid
⇨ Vitamin C
Drugs for Gastric acidity
1) Antacids
Aluminium hydroxides
Magnesium hydroxides
Calcium carbonare
Sodium bicarbonate
2) Proton pump inhibitors
Esomeprazole
Lansoprazole
Omeprazole
Pantoprazole
Rabeprazole
3) H2 receptor antagonistics
⇨ Cimetidine
⇨ Famotidine
⇨ Nizatidine
⇨ Ranitidine
Teratogenic drugs (Harmful effect on fetus)
⇨ Tetracycine
⇨ Warfarin
⇨ Aspirin
⇨ Thalidomide
⇨ Infomethacin
Antibiotic drug
Penicillins
Natural penicillin
Penicillin G (Benzyl Penicilin)
Penicillin V (Acid stable) (Phenoxymethyl Penicillin)
Penicillin VK
Beta lactamase resistant Penicillins
Cloxacillin
Dicloxacillin
Methicillin
Nafcillin
Oxacillin
Beta Lactamase Inhibitors
⇨ Clavulanic Acid
⇨ Sulbactam
⇨ Tazobactam
Aminopenicillins
Amoxicillin
Ampicillin
Bacampicillin
Epicillin
Hetacillin
Metampicillin
Pivampicillin
Talampicillin
Carboxypenicillins
Carcenicillin
Ticarcillin
Broadspectrum Penicillins
Narrow Spectrum Penicillins
⇨ Penicillin G
Extended Spectrum Penicillins
⇨ Ampicillin
⇨ Amoxicillin
⇨ Becampicillin
⇨ Carbenicillin
⇨ Mezlocillin
⇨ Piperacillin
⇨ Ticarcillin
Cephalosporins
First generation (Active against gram positive bacteria)
Cefadroxil
Cefazolin
Cephalothin
Cephelexin
Cephradine
Second generation (Active against gram negative bacteria)
Cefaclor
Cefmetazole
Cefonicid
Cefotetan
Cefoxitin
Cefprozil
Cefuroxime
Third generation (Active against gram negative bacteria)
Cefiazidime
Cefixime
Cefoperazone
Cefotaxime
Ceftazidine
Ceftriaxone
Moxalactam
Fourth generation (Active against gram positive & gram negative bacteria)
Cefclidine
Cefepime
Cefluprenam
Cefpirome
Cefoselis
Flomoxef
Fift generation
Ceftaroline fosamil
Ceftobiprole
Ceftolozane
Vitamins
Vit A1: Retinol
Vit B1: Thiamine
Vit B2: Riboflavin
Vit B3: Niacin
Vit B5: Pantothenic acid
Vit B6: Pyridoxine
Vit B7: Biotin
Vit B9: Folic acid
Vit B12: Cyanocobalamin
Vit C: Ascorbic acid
Vit D2: Ergocalciferol
Vit D3: Chole Calciferol
Vit E: Tocopherol
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